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<title>Surveyor program</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Surveyor program</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Surveyor program</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Surveyor 3 resting on the surface of the Moon, taken by <a href="Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a> astronauts</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Program overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data location">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Demonstrate <a href="Lunar_landing" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar landing">soft landing on the Moon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Completed</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Program history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cost</th><td class="infobox-data">US$469 million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">May 30–June 2, 1966</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last flight</th><td class="infobox-data">January 7–10, 1968</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successes</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Failures</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_36" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 36">Cape Canaveral LC-36</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Vehicle information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch vehicle(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Atlas-Centaur" title="Atlas-Centaur">Atlas-Centaur</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>Surveyor program</b> was a <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> program that, from June 1966 through January 1968, sent seven <a href="Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">robotic spacecraft</a> to the surface of the <a href="Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. Its primary goal was to demonstrate the feasibility of <a href="Soft_landing_(rocketry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft landing (rocketry)">soft landings</a> on the Moon. The Surveyor craft were the first American spacecraft to achieve soft landing on an <a href="Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">extraterrestrial body</a>. The missions called for the craft to travel directly to the Moon on an impact trajectory, a journey that lasted 63 to 65 hours, and ended with a deceleration of just over three minutes to a soft landing.<sup id="cite_ref-Kloman1972_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kloman1972-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The program was implemented by NASA's <a href="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL) to prepare for the <a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a>, and started in 1960. JPL selected Hughes Aircraft in 1961 to develop the spacecraft system.<sup id="cite_ref-Kloman1972_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kloman1972-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total cost of the Surveyor program was officially $469 million.

</p><p>Five of the Surveyor craft successfully soft-landed on the Moon, including the first one. The other two failed: Surveyor 2 crashed at high velocity after a failed mid-course correction, and Surveyor 4 lost contact (possibly exploding) 2.5 minutes before its scheduled touch-down.

</p><p>All seven spacecraft are still on the Moon; none of the missions included returning them to Earth. Some parts of <a href="Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">Surveyor 3</a> were returned to Earth by the crew of <a href="Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>, which landed near it in 1969. The camera from this craft is on display at the <a href="National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a> in Washington, DC.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Goals">Goals</h2></div>

<p>{{{annotations}}}

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<div class="thumbcaption">Landing sites of American Surveyor and Apollo programs, together with Soviet Luna program.</div>

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<p>The program performed several other services beyond its primary goal of demonstrating soft landings. The ability of spacecraft to make midcourse corrections was demonstrated, and the landers carried instruments to help evaluate the suitability of their landing sites for crewed Apollo landings. Several Surveyor spacecraft had robotic shovels designed to test lunar soil mechanics. Before the Soviet <a href="Luna_9" title="Luna 9">Luna 9</a> mission (landing four months before Surveyor 1) and the Surveyor project, it was unknown how deep the dust on the Moon was. If the dust was too deep, then no astronaut could land. The Surveyor program proved that landings were possible. Some of the Surveyors also had <a href="Alpha_particle_scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha particle scattering">alpha scattering</a> instruments and magnets, which helped determine the chemical composition of the soil.

</p><p>The simple and reliable mission architecture was a pragmatic approach to solving the most critical space engineering challenges of the time, namely the closed-loop terminal descent guidance and control system, throttleable engines, and the radar systems required for determining the lander's altitude and velocity. The Surveyor missions were the first time that <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> tested such systems in the challenging thermal and radiation environment near the Moon.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch_and_lunar_landing">Launch and lunar landing</h2></div>

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<p>Each Surveyor mission consisted of a single unmanned spacecraft designed and built by <a href="Hughes_Aircraft_Company" title="Hughes Aircraft Company">Hughes Aircraft Company</a>. The launch vehicle was the <a href="Atlas-Centaur" title="Atlas-Centaur">Atlas-Centaur</a>, which injected the craft directly into trans-lunar flightpath. The craft did not orbit the Moon on reaching it, but directly decelerated from impact trajectory, from 2.6 km/s relative to the Moon before firing retrorockets to a soft landing about 3 minutes 10 seconds later.

</p><p>Each craft was planned to slow to about 110 m/s (4% of speed before retrofire) by a main solid fuel retrorocket, which fired for 40 seconds starting at an altitude of 75.3 km above the Moon, and then was jettisoned along with the radar unit at 11 km from the surface. The remainder of the trip to the surface, lasting about 2.5 minutes, was handled by smaller doppler radar units and three <a href="Vernier_thruster" title="Vernier thruster">vernier engines</a> running on liquid fuels fed to them using pressurized helium. (The successful flight profile of Surveyor 5 was given a somewhat shortened vernier flight sequence as a result of a helium leak.) The last 3.4 meters to the surface was accomplished in free fall from zero velocity at that height, after the vernier engines were turned off. This resulted in a landing speed of about 3 m/s. The free-fall to the surface was in an attempt to avoid surface contamination by rocket blast.

</p><p>Surveyor 1 required a total of about 63 hours (2.6 days) to reach the Moon, and Surveyor 5 required 65 hours (2.7 days). The launch weights (at lunar injection) of the seven Surveyors ranged from 995.2 kilograms (2,194 lb) to 1,040 kilograms (2,290 lb), and their landing weights (minus fuel, jettisoned retrorocket, and radar unit) ranged from 294.3 kilograms (649 lb) to 306 kilograms (675 lb).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missions">Missions</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveyor_1">Surveyor 1</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Surveyor_1" title="Surveyor 1">Surveyor 1</a></div>

<p><b><a href="Surveyor_1" title="Surveyor 1">Surveyor 1</a></b> was launched May 30, 1966 and sent directly into a trajectory to the Moon without any <a href="Parking_orbit" title="Parking orbit">parking orbit</a>. Its <a href="Retrorocket" title="Retrorocket">retrorockets</a> were turned off at a height of about 3.4 <a href="Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter">meters</a> above the lunar surface. Surveyor 1 fell freely to the surface from this height, and it landed on the lunar surface on June 2, 1966, on the <i>Oceanus Procellarum</i>. This location was at <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">

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</style><span class=" nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="geo:-2.474,-43.339"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">2°28′26″S</span> <span class="longitude">43°20′20″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">2.474°S 43.339°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-2.474; -43.339</span></span></span></a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is within the northeast portion of the large crater called Flamsteed P (or the <i>Flamsteed Ring</i>). <a href="Flamsteed_(crater)" title="Flamsteed (crater)">Flamsteed</a> itself lies within Flamsteed P on the south side.

</p><p>Surveyor 1 transmitted <a href="Video" title="Video">video</a> data from the Moon beginning shortly after its landing through July 14, 1966, but with a period of no operations during the two-week long lunar night of June 14, 1966 through July 7, 1966.

</p><p>The return of engineering information (temperatures, etc.) from Surveyor 1 continued through January 7, 1967, with several interruptions during the lunar nights. The spacecraft returned data on the motion of the Moon, which would be used to refine the map of its orbital path around the Earth as well as better determine the distance between the two worlds.<sup id="cite_ref-aa1967_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aa1967-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveyor_2">Surveyor 2</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Surveyor_2" title="Surveyor 2">Surveyor 2</a></div>

<p><b><a href="Surveyor_2" title="Surveyor 2">Surveyor 2</a></b> was launched on September 20, 1966. A mid-course correction failure resulted in the spacecraft losing control.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contact was lost with the spacecraft at 9:35 UTC, September 22.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveyor_3">Surveyor 3</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">Surveyor 3</a></div>

<p>Launched on April 17, 1967, <b><a href="Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">Surveyor 3</a></b> landed on April 20, 1967, at the <a href="Mare_Cognitum" title="Mare Cognitum">Mare Cognitum</a> portion of the <a href="Oceanus_Procellarum" title="Oceanus Procellarum">Oceanus Procellarum</a> (S3° 01' 41.43" W23° 27' 29.55"), in a small crater that was subsequently named <a href="Surveyor_(crater)" title="Surveyor (crater)">Surveyor</a>. It transmitted 6,315 TV images to the Earth, including the <a href="First_images_of_Earth_from_space" class="mw-redirect" title="First images of Earth from space">first images to show what planet Earth looked like from the Moon's surface</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Surveyor 3 was the first spacecraft to unintentionally lift off from the Moon's surface, which it did twice, due to an anomaly with Surveyor's landing radar, which did not shut off the vernier engines but kept them firing throughout the first touchdown and after it. Surveyor 3's TV and telemetry systems were found to have been damaged by its unplanned landings and liftoffs.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Surveyor 3 was visited by <a href="Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a> astronauts <a href="Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Pete Conrad</a> and <a href="Alan_Bean" title="Alan Bean">Alan Bean</a> in November 1969, and remains the only probe visited by humans on another <a href="Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">world</a>. The Apollo 12 astronauts excised several components of Surveyor 3, including the television camera, and returned them to Earth for study.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveyor_4">Surveyor 4</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Surveyor_4" title="Surveyor 4">Surveyor 4</a></div>

<p>Launched on July 14, 1967, <b><a href="Surveyor_4" title="Surveyor 4">Surveyor 4</a></b> crashed after an otherwise flawless mission; <a href="Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> contact was lost 2.5 minutes before touchdown. The <a href="Solid-fuel_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-fuel rocket">solid-fuel</a> <a href="Retrorocket" title="Retrorocket">retrorocket</a> may have exploded near the end of its scheduled burn.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The planned landing target was <a href="Sinus_Medii" title="Sinus Medii">Sinus Medii</a> (Central Bay) at 0.4° north latitude and 1.33° west longitude.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveyor_5">Surveyor 5</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Surveyor_5" title="Surveyor 5">Surveyor 5</a></div>

<p><b><a href="Surveyor_5" title="Surveyor 5">Surveyor 5</a></b> was launched on September 8, 1967 from Cape Canaveral.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It landed on <a href="Mare_Tranquillitatis" title="Mare Tranquillitatis">Mare Tranquillitatis</a> on September 11, 1967. The spacecraft transmitted excellent data for all experiments from shortly after touchdown until October 18, 1967, with an interval of no transmission from September 24 to October 15, 1967, during the first lunar night. Transmissions were received until November 1, 1967, when shutdown for the second lunar night occurred. Transmissions were resumed on the third and fourth lunar days, with the final transmission occurring on December 17, 1967. A total of 19,118 images were transmitted to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveyor_6">Surveyor 6</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Surveyor_6" title="Surveyor 6">Surveyor 6</a></div>

<p><b><a href="Surveyor_6" title="Surveyor 6">Surveyor 6</a></b> was the first spacecraft planned to lift off from the Moon's surface.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It was launched on November 7, 1967, and landed on November 10, 1967 in Sinus Medii (near the crash site of <a href="Surveyor_4" title="Surveyor 4">Surveyor 4</a>). The successful completion of this mission satisfied the Surveyor program's obligation to the Apollo project.

</p><p>Surveyor 6's engines were restarted and burned for 2.5 seconds in the first lunar liftoff on November 17 at 10:32 UTC. This created 150 lbf (700 N) of thrust and lifted the vehicle 12 feet (4 m) from the lunar surface. After moving west eight feet, (2.5 m) the spacecraft once again successfully soft landed and continued functioning as designed. On November 24, 1967, the spacecraft was shut down for the two-week lunar night. Contact was made on December 14, 1967, but no useful data was obtained.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveyor_7">Surveyor 7</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Surveyor_7" title="Surveyor 7">Surveyor 7</a></div>

<p><b><a href="Surveyor_7" title="Surveyor 7">Surveyor 7</a></b> was launched on January 7, 1968, landing on the <a href="Lunar_surface" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar surface">lunar surface</a> on January 10, 1968, on the outer rim of the <a href="Tycho_(lunar_crater)" title="Tycho (lunar crater)">crater Tycho</a>. Operations of the spacecraft began shortly after the soft landing. On January 20, while the craft was still in daylight, the TV camera clearly saw two laser beams aimed at it from the night side of the crescent Earth, one from Kitt Peak National Observatory, Tucson, Arizona, and the other at Table Mountain at Wrightwood, California.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Operations on the second lunar day occurred from February 12 to 21, 1968. The mission objectives were fully satisfied by the spacecraft operations. Battery damage was suffered during the first lunar night and transmission contact was subsequently sporadic. Contact with Surveyor 7 was lost on February 21, 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surveyor_mission_list">Surveyor mission list</h2></div>

<p>Surveyor-Model were generic mass simulators,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Surveyor SD had the same structure as the real Surveyor landers with all equipment replaced by dummy weights.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These served to test <a href="Atlas-Centaur" title="Atlas-Centaur">Atlas-Centaur</a> launch vehicle performance, and were not intended to reach the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Of the seven Surveyor missions, five were successful.

</p>

<th>Mission

</th>

<th>Launch

</th>

<th>Rocket

</th>

<th>Arrived at Moon

</th>

<th>Disposition

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Surveyor-Model 1

</td>

<td>December 11, 1964

</td>

<td><a href="Atlas-Centaur#Fourth_flight" title="Atlas-Centaur">Atlas-LV3C Centaur-C AC-4</a>

</td>

<td>-

</td>

<td>165 × 178 km Earth orbit

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Surveyor SD-1

</td>

<td>March 02, 1965

</td>

<td><a href="Atlas-Centaur#Fifth_flight" title="Atlas-Centaur">Atlas-LV3C Centaur-C AC-5</a>

</td>

<td>-

</td>

<td>destroyed on launch

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Surveyor SD-2

</td>

<td>August 11, 1965

</td>

<td><a href="Atlas-Centaur#Later_flights" title="Atlas-Centaur">Atlas-LV3C Centaur-D AC-6</a>

</td>

<td>-

</td>

<td>166 × 815085 km Earth orbit

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Surveyor-Model 2

</td>

<td>April 08, 1966

</td>

<td>Atlas-LV3C Centaur-D AC-8

</td>

<td>-

</td>

<td>175 × 343 km Earth orbit

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Surveyor_1" title="Surveyor 1">Surveyor 1</a>

</td>

<td>May 30, 1966

</td>

<td>Atlas-LV3C Centaur-D AC-10

</td>

<td>June 2, 1966

</td>

<td>landed on <a href="Oceanus_Procellarum" title="Oceanus Procellarum">Oceanus Procellarum</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Surveyor_2" title="Surveyor 2">Surveyor 2</a>

</td>

<td>September 20, 1966

</td>

<td>Atlas-LV3C Centaur-D AC-7

</td>

<td>September 23, 1966

</td>

<td>crashed near <a href="Copernicus_(lunar_crater)" title="Copernicus (lunar crater)">Copernicus crater</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Surveyor-Model 3

</td>

<td>October 26,1966

</td>

<td>Atlas-LV3C Centaur-D AC-9

</td>

<td>-

</td>

<td>165 × 470040 km Earth orbit

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">Surveyor 3</a>

</td>

<td>April 17, 1967

</td>

<td>Atlas-LV3C Centaur-D AC-12

</td>

<td>April 20, 1967

</td>

<td>landed on <a href="Oceanus_Procellarum" title="Oceanus Procellarum">Oceanus Procellarum</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Surveyor_4" title="Surveyor 4">Surveyor 4</a>

</td>

<td>July 14, 1967

</td>

<td>Atlas-LV3C Centaur-D AC-11

</td>

<td>July 17, 1967

</td>

<td>crashed on <a href="Sinus_Medii" title="Sinus Medii">Sinus Medii</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Surveyor_5" title="Surveyor 5">Surveyor 5</a>

</td>

<td>September 8, 1967

</td>

<td><a href="Atlas_SLV-3#SLV-3C" title="Atlas SLV-3">Atlas-SLV3C Centaur-D</a> AC-13

</td>

<td>September 11, 1967

</td>

<td>landed on <a href="Mare_Tranquillitatis" title="Mare Tranquillitatis">Mare Tranquillitatis</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Surveyor_6" title="Surveyor 6">Surveyor 6</a>

</td>

<td>November 7, 1967

</td>

<td>Atlas-SLV3C Centaur-D AC-14

</td>

<td>November 10, 1967

</td>

<td>landed on <a href="Sinus_Medii" title="Sinus Medii">Sinus Medii</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Surveyor_7" title="Surveyor 7">Surveyor 7</a>

</td>

<td>January 7, 1968

</td>

<td>Atlas-SLV3C Centaur-D AC-15

</td>

<td>January 10, 1968

</td>

<td>landed near <a href="Tycho_(lunar_crater)" title="Tycho (lunar crater)">Tycho crater</a>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Space_Race_competition">Space Race competition</h2></div>

<p>During the time of the Surveyor missions, the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a> was actively involved in the <a href="Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> with the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Thus, the Surveyor 1 landing in June 1966, only four months after the Soviet <a href="Luna_9" title="Luna 9">Luna 9</a> probe landed in February, was an indication the programs were at similar stages.<sup id="cite_ref-Reeves1994_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reeves1994-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Atlas_(rocket_family)" title="Atlas (rocket family)">Atlas (rocket family)</a></li>

<li><a href="Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna programme</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter program</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger program</a></li>

<li><a href="Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration of the Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFKloman1972" class="citation web cs1">Kloman (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4901.pdf">"<i>NASA Unmanned Space Project Management - Surveyor and Lunar Orbiter</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA SP-4901.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-auto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-035A">https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-035A</a> – 24 January 2020</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-045A">Surveyor 1</a>". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-aa1967-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aa1967_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/AAchronologies/1967.pdf">"Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1967"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA. p. 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Central Moon Landing Try for Surveyor 2". <i>The Deseret News</i>. 19 September 1966. </span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-084A">"Surveyor 2"</a>. <i>NSSDCA Master Catalog</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planetary.org/space-images/first-image-of-earth-from-surveyor-3">"First image of Earth from the surface of the Moon: Surveyor 3"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Z._Pearlman2019" class="citation web cs1">Robert Z. Pearlman (November 23, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/apollo-12-surveyor-3-parts-50-years.html">"50 Years On, Where Are the Surveyor 3 Moon Probe Parts Retrieved by Apollo 12?"</a>. <i>Space.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-068A">"Surveyor 4"</a>. <i>NSSDCA Master Catalog</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/displayTrajectory.action?id=1967-084A">"NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Telemetry Details"</a>. <i>nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-084A">"NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details"</a>. <i>nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqi2018" class="citation book cs1">Siddiqi, Asif A. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond-earth-tagged.pdf"><i>Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The NASA history series (second ed.). Washington, DC: NASA History Program Office. p. 1. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781626830424</bdi>. <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017059404">2017059404</a>. SP2018-4041. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424211923/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond-earth-tagged.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 24, 2019.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100207072958/http://boeing.com/defense-space/space/bss/factsheets/scientific/surveyor/surveyor.html">"Boeing: Satellite Development Center - Scientific Exploration - Surveyor"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/bss/factsheets/scientific/surveyor/surveyor.html">the original</a> on February 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite> Notes on the laser experiment.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.w7ftt.net/laser2.html">[1]</a> photo of the beam from the 2-watt green argon Hughes laser at Table Mountain</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lpl.arizona.edu/sic/surveyor/7">"Surveyor VII"</a>. <i>University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory</i>. November 28, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/surveyor-model-1/">"Surveyor Model 1 - NASA Science"</a>. <i>science.nasa.gov</i>. December 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/surveyor-model.htm">"Surveyor-Model"</a>. <i>Gunter's Space Page</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:3-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/surveyor-sd.htm">"Surveyor-SD"</a>. <i>Gunter's Space Page</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Reeves1994-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reeves1994_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFReeves1994" class="citation book cs1">Reeves, Robert (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-5986-7_4">"Exploring the Moon"</a>. <i>The superpower space race: An explosive rivalry through the solar system</i>. Boston, MA, USA: Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">101–</span>130. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4899-5986-7_4">10.1007/978-1-4899-5986-7_4</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4899-5986-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_program" class="extiw external" title="commons:Surveyor program"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Surveyor program</span></a>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/surveyor.html">Surveyor (1966–1968)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690027073_1969027073.pdf">Surveyor Program Results (PDF) 1969</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveyorprogramr00unit">Surveyor Program Results (Good Quality Color PDF) 1969</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19720019081/downloads/19720019081.pdf">Analysis of Surveyor 3 material and photographs returned by Apollo 12 (PDF) 1972</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/expmoon/surveyor/surveyor.html">Exploring the Moon: The Surveyor Program</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-045A">Details of Surveyor 1 launch, and also the entire program</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lpl.arizona.edu/sic/surveyor">Digitizing the Surveyor Lander Imaging Dataset</a> | Lunar and Planetary Laboratory & Department of Planetary Sciences | The University of Arizona</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Surveyor_program52" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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</style><div id="Surveyor_program52" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Surveyor_1" title="Surveyor 1">Surveyor 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveyor_2" title="Surveyor 2">Surveyor 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">Surveyor 3</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveyor_4" title="Surveyor 4">Surveyor 4</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveyor_5" title="Surveyor 5">Surveyor 5</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveyor_6" title="Surveyor 6">Surveyor 6</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveyor_7" title="Surveyor 7">Surveyor 7</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lunar_landing_missions71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><div id="Lunar_landing_missions71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Lunar_lander" title="Lunar lander">Lunar landing</a> missions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Robotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chang'e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Robotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blue_Ghost_Mission_1" title="Blue Ghost Mission 1"><i>Blue Ghost</i> M1</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveyor_1" title="Surveyor 1">Surveyor 1</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Failed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a></li>

<li><a href="Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a></li>

<li><a href="Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R M1</a></li>

<li><a href="OMOTENASHI" title="OMOTENASHI">OMOTENASHI</a></li>

<li><a href="Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveyor_2" title="Surveyor 2">Surveyor 2</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a> (2027)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">CLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chang'e_7" title="Chang'e 7">Chang'e 7</a> (2026)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blue_Moon_Mark_1_Pathfinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Moon Mark 1 Pathfinder">Blue Moon Pathfinder</a> (2025)</li>

<li><a href="Griffin_Mission_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Griffin Mission 1"><i>Griffin</i> M1</a> (2025)</li>

<li><a href="Blue_Ghost_Mission_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Ghost Mission 2"><i>Blue Ghost</i> M2</a> (2026)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Korean_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Korean Lunar Exploration Program">KLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Korean_lunar_lander" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean lunar lander">Korean lunar lander</a> (2032)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ispace_(Japanese_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">Hakuto-R M3</a> (<a href="Ispace_(Japanese_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">ispace</a>, 2026)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">CLPS</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Redwire#Deep_Space_Systems" title="Redwire">Redwire</a></li>

<li><a href="Draper_Laboratory#Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Draper Laboratory">Draper</a></li>

<li><a href="Firefly_Aerospace#Genesis_lunar_lander" title="Firefly Aerospace">Firefly</a></li>

<li><a href="Masten_Space_Systems#XL-1" title="Masten Space Systems">Masten</a></li>

<li><a href="Moon_Express" title="Moon Express">MoonEx</a></li>

<li><a href="OrbitBeyond#Z-01" title="OrbitBeyond">OrbitBeyond</a></li>

<li><a href="McCandless_Lunar_Lander" title="McCandless Lunar Lander">McCandless</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Beresheet_2" title="Beresheet 2">Beresheet 2</a> (<a href="SpaceIL" title="SpaceIL">SpaceIL</a>)</li>

<li>Nyx Moon (<a href="The_Exploration_Company" title="The Exploration Company">The Exploration Company</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_the_Moon302" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_the_Moon302" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Spacecraft missions</a> to the <a href="Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%"><a href="Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration</a><br>programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="NASA" title="NASA">American</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li>

<li><a href="Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li>

</ul></li>

<li><a href="China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">Chinese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chang'e</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="ISRO" title="ISRO">Indian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science" title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">Japanese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Japanese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Japanese Lunar Exploration Program">Japanese Lunar Exploration Program</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">South Korean</a>

<ul><li><a href="Korean_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Korean Lunar Exploration Program">Korean Lunar Exploration Program</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russian</a>

<li><a href="Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Crewed</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunokhod_programme" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Active<br>missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="THEMIS#ARTEMIS" title="THEMIS">ARTEMIS</a></li>

<li><a href="CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li>

<li><a href="Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao 1 and 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu-1</a></li>

<li><a href="ICUBE-Q" title="ICUBE-Q">ICUBE-Q</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chang'e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Rovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ArgoMoon" title="ArgoMoon">ArgoMoon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Past<br>missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed landings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></i></li>

<li>(<a href="List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">List of Apollo astronauts</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Clementine_(spacecraft)" title="Clementine (spacecraft)">Clementine</a></li>

<li><a href="Explorer_35" title="Explorer 35">Explorer 35</a></li>

<li><a href="GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li>

<li><a href="Hiten_(spacecraft)" title="Hiten (spacecraft)">Hiten</a></li>

<li><a href="LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_4#Microsatellites" title="Chang'e 4">Longjiang-2</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Orbiter_1" title="Lunar Orbiter 1">Lunar Orbiter 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a></li>

<li><a href="SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a></li>

<li><a href="SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Trailblazer" title="Lunar Trailblazer">Lunar Trailblazer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Impactors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li>

<li><a href="Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranger_4" title="Ranger 4">Ranger 4</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Landers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></i> ×6</li>

<li><a href="Blue_Ghost_Mission_1" title="Blue Ghost Mission 1"><i>Blue Ghost</i> M1</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveyor_1" title="Surveyor 1">Surveyor 1</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">Rovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Jinchan</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaoki" title="Yaoki">Yaoki</a></li>

<li>Micro-Nova</li>

<li>AstroAnt</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample return</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Failed landings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></li>

<li><a href="Emirates_Lunar_Mission" title="Emirates Lunar Mission">Emirates Lunar Mission</a></li>

<li><a href="Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R M1</a></li>

<li><a href="OMOTENASHI" title="OMOTENASHI">OMOTENASHI</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveyor_2" title="Surveyor 2">Surveyor 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrayaan-2#Vikram_lander" title="Chandrayaan-2">Vikram</a></li>

<li><a href="Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One"><i>Peregrine</i></a></li></ul>

<li><i><a href="Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li>

<li><a href="Geotail" title="Geotail">Geotail</a></li>

<li><a href="Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_4#Microsatellites" title="Chang'e 4">Longjiang-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Polar_Hydrogen_Mapper" title="Lunar Polar Hydrogen Mapper">LunaH-Map</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Flashlight" title="Lunar Flashlight">Lunar Flashlight</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_IceCube" title="Lunar IceCube">Lunar IceCube</a></li>

<li><a href="LunIR" title="LunIR">LunIR</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a></li>

<li><a href="Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a></li>

<li><a href="Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_4" title="Pioneer 4">Pioneer 4</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranger_5" title="Ranger 5">Ranger 5</a></li>

<li><a href="STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Planned<br>missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><i><a href="Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></i></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Blue_Moon_Mark_1_Pathfinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Moon Mark 1 Pathfinder">Blue Moon Pathfinder</a> (2025)</li>

<li><a href="Griffin_Mission_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Griffin Mission 1"><i>Griffin</i> M1</a> (2025)</li>

<li><a href="Blue_Ghost_Mission_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Ghost Mission 2"><i>Blue Ghost</i> M2</a> (2026)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">CLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chang'e_7" title="Chang'e 7">Chang'e 7</a> (2026)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">5 (LUPEX)</a> (2028)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Korean_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Korean Lunar Exploration Program">KLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Korean_lunar_lander" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean lunar lander">Korean lunar lander</a> (2032)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Ispace_(Japanese_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">ispace M3</a> (2026)</li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Pathfinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Pathfinder">Lunar Pathfinder</a> (2026)</li>

<li><a href="DESTINY%2B" title="DESTINY+">DESTINY<sup>+</sup></a> (2028)</li>

<li><a href="Cislunar_Explorers" title="Cislunar Explorers">Cislunar Explorers</a> (2020s)</li>

<li><a href="Astrobotic_Technology#Rovers" title="Astrobotic Technology">MoonRanger</a> (2020s)</li>

<li><a href="Argonaut_(lunar_lander)" title="Argonaut (lunar lander)">Argonaut M1</a> (2031)</li>

<li><a href="International_Lunar_Research_Station" title="International Lunar Research Station">International Lunar Research Station</a> (2030s)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Proposed<br>missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Robotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Planetary_Transportation_Systems" title="Planetary Transportation Systems">ALINA</a></li>

<li><a href="Draper_Laboratory#Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Draper Laboratory">Artemis-7</a></li>

<li><a href="Beresheet_2" title="Beresheet 2">Beresheet 2</a></li>

<li><a href="BOLAS_(spacecraft)" title="BOLAS (spacecraft)">BOLAS</a></li>

<li><a href="Garat%C3%A9a-L" title="Garatéa-L">Garatéa-L</a></li>

<li><a href="ISOCHRON_(spacecraft)" title="ISOCHRON (spacecraft)">ISOCHRON</a></li>

<li><a href="LunaNet" title="LunaNet">LunaNet</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Crater_Radio_Telescope" title="Lunar Crater Radio Telescope">Lunar Crater Radio Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="McCandless_Lunar_Lander" title="McCandless Lunar Lander">McCandless</a></li>

<li><a href="Moon_Diver_(spacecraft)" title="Moon Diver (spacecraft)">Moon Diver</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="DSE-Alpha" title="DSE-Alpha">DSE-Alpha</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Boeing_Lunar_Lander" title="Boeing Lunar Lander">Boeing Lunar Lander</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Lockheed_Martin_Lunar_Lander" title="Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander">Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Lunar_Orbital_Station" title="Lunar Orbital Station">Lunar Orbital Station</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Cancelled /<br>concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Altair_(spacecraft)" title="Altair (spacecraft)">Altair</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_1" title="Baden-Württemberg 1">Baden-Württemberg 1</a></li>

<li><i><a href="DearMoon_project" title="DearMoon project">#dearMoon project</a></i></li>

<li><a href="European_Lunar_Explorer" title="European Lunar Explorer">European Lunar Explorer</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Lunar_Outpost" title="First Lunar Outpost">First Lunar Outpost</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Lunar_Network" title="International Lunar Network">International Lunar Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar-A" title="Lunar-A">Lunar-A</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lunar Lander (spacecraft)">Lunar Lander</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Mission_One" title="Lunar Mission One">Lunar Mission One</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Lunar Observer</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunokhod_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunokhod 3">Lunokhod 3</a></li>

<li><a href="MoonLITE" title="MoonLITE">MoonLITE</a></li>

<li><a href="MoonRise" title="MoonRise">MoonRise</a></li>

<li><a href="OrbitBeyond" title="OrbitBeyond">OrbitBeyond</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Harvest_Moon" title="Project Harvest Moon">Project Harvest Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="Prospector_(spacecraft)" title="Prospector (spacecraft)">Prospector</a></li>

<li><a href="Resource_Prospector_(rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource Prospector (rover)">Resource Prospector</a></li>

<li><a href="SELENE-2" title="SELENE-2">SELENE-2</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrselena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrselena">Ukrselena</a></li>

<li><a href="VIPER_(rover)" title="VIPER (rover)">VIPER</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Colonization of the Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Lunar_X_Prize" title="Google Lunar X Prize">Google Lunar X Prize</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">List of artificial objects on the Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_species_that_have_landed_on_the_Moon" title="List of species that have landed on the Moon">List of species that have landed on the Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a></li>

<li><a href="Fe%2C_Fi%2C_Fo%2C_Fum%2C_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li>

<li><a href="Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li>

<li><a href="Third-party_evidence_for_Apollo_Moon_landings" title="Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings">Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_11_anniversaries" title="Apollo 11 anniversaries">Apollo 11 anniversaries</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_crewed_lunar_landers" title="List of crewed lunar landers">List of crewed lunar landers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><div>

<ul><li>Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in <i>italics</i>.</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA_planetary_exploration_programs138" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="NASA_planetary_exploration_programs138" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">planetary exploration</a> programs</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Large_strategic_science_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Large strategic science missions">Large strategic science missions</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Discovery_and_Exploration_Program" title="Lunar Discovery and Exploration Program">Lunar Discovery & Exploration</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Planetary Missions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_Missions_Program_Office#Solar_System_Exploration" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Solar System Exploration</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_Worlds_Exploration_Program" title="Ocean Worlds Exploration Program">Ocean Worlds Exploration</a></li>

<li><a href="Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Completed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li>

<li><a href="MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li>

<li><a href="Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Grand_Tour_program" title="Grand Tour program">Grand Tour</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li>

<li><a href="Voyager_program_(Mars)" title="Voyager program (Mars)">Voyager (Mars)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">List of NASA missions</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory230" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></i></li>

<li><a href="ACRIMSAT" title="ACRIMSAT">ACRIMSAT</a></li>

<li><a href="Advanced_Spaceborne_Thermal_Emission_and_Reflection_Radiometer" title="Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer">ASTER</a></li>

<li><a href="Atmospheric_infrared_sounder" title="Atmospheric infrared sounder">Atmospheric infrared sounder</a> (AIRS)</li>

<li><a href="Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li>

<li><a href="GRACE-FO" class="mw-redirect" title="GRACE-FO">GRACE-FO</a></li>

<li><i><a href="InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li>

<li><a href="W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">Keck observatory</a></li>

<li><a href="Large_Binocular_Telescope" title="Large Binocular Telescope">Large Binocular Telescope</a> (LBT)</li>

<li><i><a href="2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">Mars Odyssey</a></i></li>

<ul><li><a href="Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li>

<li><a href="Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> (MRO)</li>

<li><a href="Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> (MSL)</li>

<li><a href="Microwave_limb_sounder" title="Microwave limb sounder">Microwave limb sounder</a> (MLS)</li>

<li><a href="Multi-angle_imaging_spectroradiometer" title="Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer">Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer</a> (MISR)</li>

<li><a href="Soil_Moisture_Active_Passive" title="Soil Moisture Active Passive">Soil Moisture Active Passive</a> (SMAP)</li>

<li><a href="Tropospheric_Emission_Spectrometer" title="Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer">Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer</a> (TES)</li>

<li><a href="Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini-Huygens</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)"><i>Deep Impact</i></a></li>

<li><i><a href="Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li>

<li><a href="GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li>

<li><a href="Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a>

<ul><li><a href="Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">spacecraft</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)"><i>Genesis</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Gravity_Recovery_and_Climate_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment">GRACE</a></li>

<li><a href="Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a></li>

<li><a href="Jason-1" title="Jason-1">Jason-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a></li>

<li><a href="Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)"><i>Magellan</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a> (MarCO)</li>

<li><i><a href="Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li>

<li><a href="Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">Near-Earth Asteroid Scout</a></li>

<li><a href="Scatterometer" title="Scatterometer">NSCAT</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li>

<li><a href="QuikSCAT" title="QuikSCAT">QuikSCAT</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)"><i>Rosetta</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Seasat" title="Seasat">Seasat</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuttle_Radar_Topography_Mission" title="Shuttle Radar Topography Mission">Shuttle Radar Topography Mission</a> (SRTM)</li>

<li><a href="Solar_Mesosphere_Explorer" title="Solar Mesosphere Explorer">Solar Mesosphere Explorer</a> (SME)</li>

<li><a href="Spaceborne_Imaging_Radar" title="Spaceborne Imaging Radar">Spaceborne Imaging Radar</a> (SIR)</li>

<li><a href="Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)"><i>Stardust</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Very-long-baseline_interferometry" title="Very-long-baseline interferometry">SVLBI</a></li>

<li><a href="TOPEX/Poseidon" title="TOPEX/Poseidon">TOPEX/Poseidon</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)"><i>Ulysses</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li>

<li><a href="Wide_Field_and_Planetary_Camera" title="Wide Field and Planetary Camera">Wide Field and Planetary Camera</a> (WFPC)</li>

<li><a href="Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer">Wide Field Infrared Explorer</a> (WIRE)</li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Flashlight" title="Lunar Flashlight">Lunar Flashlight</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li>

<li><a href="Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="SPHEREx" title="SPHEREx">SPHEREx</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a></li>

<li><a href="Fast_Infrared_Exoplanet_Spectroscopy_Survey_Explorer" title="Fast Infrared Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer">FINESSE</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a> (AFL)</li>

<li><a href="Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher</a> (MAX-C)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">NASA Deep Space Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone Complex</a></li>

<li><a href="Table_Mountain_Observatory" title="Table Mountain Observatory">Table Mountain Observatory</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_System_Ambassadors" title="Solar System Ambassadors">Solar System Ambassadors</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="JPL_Science_Division" title="JPL Science Division">JPL Science Division</a></li>

<li><a href="Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA578" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="NASA578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History<br>(<a href="Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li>

<li><a href="Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li>

<li><a href="Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li>

<li><a href="Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li>

<li><a href="Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li>

<li><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li>

<li><a href="Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li>

<li><a href="Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li>

<li><a href="President's_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li>

<li><a href="Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a>

<ul><li><a href="Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li>

<li><a href="Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a>

<ul><li><a href="NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li>

<li><a href="Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li>

<li><a href="Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li>

<li><a href="Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li>

<li><a href="Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br>programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li>

<li><a href="Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li>

<li><a href="Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li>

<li><a href="Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li>

<li><a href="MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Surveyor_'98" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li>